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There are many factors affecting the applicable temperature range of the flange, mainly including material properties, manufacturing process, use of the environment and other aspects, the following is a specific analysis:
Material Characteristics
Chemical composition: flange materials with different chemical compositions have different high and low temperature resistance properties. For example, carbon steel with high carbon content is prone to pearlite spheroidization and other phenomena at high temperatures, resulting in a decline in strength and a relatively low applicable temperature; while stainless steel contains chromium, nickel and other alloying elements, which can improve the material's resistance to oxidation and high temperature strength, and a wider range of applicable temperatures.
Crystal structure: the crystal structure of the material will affect its performance at different temperatures. Such as face-centered cubic structure of the metal generally has better toughness and plasticity, in low temperature is not easy to brittle fracture, while the body-centered cubic structure of the metal in low temperature toughness is relatively poor.
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion: Materials with a small coefficient of thermal expansion have less dimensional changes when the temperature changes, can better adapt to temperature fluctuations, and are less likely to be deformed or damaged by thermal stress, thus allowing them to be used in a wider range of temperatures.
Manufacturing process
Forging process: Through reasonable forging process, the internal organization of flange material can be made more dense, internal defects can be eliminated, and the strength and toughness of the material can be improved, thus expanding its applicable temperature range. For example, the performance of forged flanges after many times of upsetting and elongation is usually better than that of flanges produced by ordinary forging process.
Heat treatment process: suitable heat treatment process can improve the organization and performance of flange material. For example, quenching and tempering treatment can improve the strength and toughness of carbon steel and alloy steel, so that they can maintain better performance at both high and low temperatures; while solid solution treatment can improve the corrosion resistance and high temperature performance of stainless steel.
Processing precision: high precision processing can ensure the dimensional accuracy and surface quality of the flange, so that it can be better connected with the pipeline at different temperatures, reduce the leakage and other problems caused by the connection is not tight, so as to ensure the safe operation within the designed temperature range.
Use of the environment
Medium properties: If the medium is corrosive, oxidizing or other special chemical properties, it will accelerate the corrosion or deterioration of the flange material and reduce its performance at high or low temperatures, thus narrowing the applicable temperature range. For example, in the medium containing chloride ions, stainless steel flange is prone to stress corrosion cracking at high temperature, and the upper limit of its applicable temperature may be reduced.
Pressure conditions: the influence of working pressure and temperature on the flange is interrelated. Under high temperature, the strength of the flange material will be reduced, and the pressure that can be withstood will be reduced accordingly; while under high pressure, the flange may be damaged at lower temperature due to stress concentration and other problems, which limits its applicable temperature range.
Installation: The way the flange is installed will also affect its heat exposure. If there are undue stresses during installation, or if the piping is not reasonably supported or secured, the flange may be subject to additional forces when the temperature changes, resulting in a reduction in its actual applicable temperature range.
In addition, design factors such as the structural form of the flange, wall thickness, etc. will also have an impact on its applicable temperature range. In practical application, it is necessary to comprehensively consider various factors and select suitable flange materials and types according to specific working conditions, so as to ensure that the flange operates safely and reliably within the specified temperature range.